Assay of angiogenesis
Endothelial cells and angiogenesis
The vascular system is essential for supplying tissues with oxygen and nutrients and for removing metabolic end-products. Endothelial cells line the intimal surface of blood vessels forming the interface between blood and tissue. Endothelial cells are unique in that they can form new capillaries from preexisting blood vessels (angiogenesis).
In vivo, angiogenesis is regulated by a complex cooperation between endothelial cells and other cell types (e.g. monocytes/macrophages, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, pericytes), cytokines (e.g. VEGF), molecules of the extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules (e.g. integrins).
In adults, the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is important in wound healing and tissue development. However, angiogenesis becomes pathological in many diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy and cancer. The fundamental significance of angiogenesis in these diseases has resulted in extensive research for pharmaceuticals affecting angiogenesis.
Angiogenic processes
Angiogenic processes
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Angiogenesis is induced by soluble factors (growth factors or cytokines), which may be produced by tumors or inflammation. The process is started by the degradation of the basement membrane and invasion of endothelial cells into the perivascular tissue. The cells migrate towards the angiogenic stimulus. Elongation of the new vessel is achieved by proliferation. The new vessel is stabilized by synthesis of extracellular matrix including the basement membrane and integration of further cell types (e.g. pericytes).
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